Floruit (fl.)<\/strong><\/p> Many entries include the abbreviation fl. as in "Arthur Williams (fl.1456-1485)." Derived from the Latin verb floreo<\/strong>, <\/strong>meaning "to bloom or flower," this term is more commonly undertsood to mean "when a person flourishes" or came to be in prominence.<\/p>","Many of our last names in use today, cannot be found before the 17th and 18th century since the majority of them were changed. By example, the famed William Shakespeare,<\/b> spelt his last name, Shakespeare, Shakespere, Shakespear, Shakspere, and Shaxspere.<\/em>","The Hundred Rolls, Hundredorum Rolls<\/strong> or Rotuli Hundredorum<\/strong> was a census of England and Wales often referred to the year 1273, but were actually taken from 1255-1284. These rolls are often referred to as the second Domesday Book.","The Domesday Book, <\/strong>our earliest public record, is a unique survey of the value and ownership of lands and resources in late 11th century England. The record was compiled in 1086-1087, a mere twenty years after the Norman Conquest, at the order of William the Conqueror.","Personal Names<\/strong> or patronymic names<\/strong> arose out of the vernacular and religious given name traditions. The vernacular or regional naming tradition is the oldest and most pervasive type of patronymic surname. According to this custom, names were originally composed of vocabulary elements from the local language.","The Subsidy Rolls<\/strong> were taxation records of England and Wales that began in 1332 and continued until the Hearth Tax Returns or 1662 to 1674. Each roll was published by county.","The Assizes, <\/strong>or Courts of Assize, were court sessions that were held all over England and Wales from 1215 until 1972. The Courts Act of 1971 led to the assizes being replaced by the Crown Court, which was established by the Parliament of the United Kingdom in order to modernize the court system in Britain","In the East Midlands region with a long coast line on the North Sea, Lincolnshire <\/strong>borders Norfolk, Cambridgeshire, Rutland, Leicestershire, Nottinghamshire, South Yorkshire, East Riding of Yorkshire and the shortest county boundary of Northamptonshire of only 20 yards.","Located between Warwickshire, Northamptonshire, Buckinghamshire, Berkshire, Wiltshire and Gloucestershire in the South East of England. Oxfordshire<\/strong> has major education and tourist industries with the well-known University of Oxford (founded in 1096) being considered one of the leading universities in the world. It was first recorded as a county in the 10th century, Oxford itself didn’t form a settlement until the 8th Century. ","The Pipe Rolls<\/strong> were the written records of the crown revenue and expenditures for one financial year, which ran from Michaelmas, a Christian festival celebrated on September 29, to Michaelmas, as well as records of payments to the government and debts that were owed to the crown.","Cumberland <\/strong>was succeeded by Cumbria <\/strong>in 1974. Cumberland was located in the North West, with its borders touching Northumberland, County Durham, Westmorland (Cumbria), Lancashire and the Scottish Counties of Dumfriesshire and Roxburghshire. It was part of the Kingdom of Strathclyde in the Hen Ogledd or “Old North”, people spoke the language of Brittonic now called Cumbric.","This historic county of Yorkshire <\/strong>(County of York) is located in Northern England and is the largest in the whole England and the United Kingdom. Full of large stretches of countryside including well known Yorkshire Dales, North York Moors and the Peak District it is now surprise it was nicknamed “God’s own Country”.","Clans also contained septs or branches, which were founded when powerful or prominent clansmen established their own important families. The chief of the clan was succeeded according to the Celtic system","Scotland<\/strong> or Gaelic: Alba or Alban<\/strong> is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. As the northernmost country of the UK, its land mass covers more than a third of the island of Great Britain","The Vikings, a Scandinavian people of astounding vitality, first began their invasion of Scotland in 794. However, the first wave of mass Viking migration occurred around 888","England<\/strong> is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It occupies more than half of the land of the area. It shares its borders with Wales to the West and Scotland the to its north. Laced by great rivers and small streams, England is a fertile land which has supported a thriving agricultural economy for millenia.","In the 12th and 13th centuries, most common patronymic names included the word filius,<\/strong> which meant son.<\/strong> Typically the name was structured: [Personal name] filius [Surname]. For example, Willemus filius Raunaldi.","The First Fleet<\/strong> departed from Portsmouth, on the south coast of England, on May 13, 1787 and sailed for around 250 days. The fleet was comprised of eleven ships - six prison ships, three equipment ships, and two navy ships, Sirius and Supply. After an extremely long journey, the First Fleet finally arrived at Botany Bay, located in Sydney, New South Wales, between January 18 and 20, 1788.","Dutch navigator Willem Jansz<\/strong> aboard the Duyfken was the first European to land in waht is now known as Australia<\/strong> in 1606. He charted much of the Gulf of Carpentaria, located on the northern coast of Australia. In 1616, another Dutch captain, Dirk Hartog, landed on the west coast of Australia near Shark Bay.","In America, those who took up arms for the Crown and fought for a United Empire longed to see the English people united under a common flag and sovereign. These largely forgotten U. E. Loyalists (United Empire Loyalists<\/strong>) who resolved not to live under any flag but the British flag were often driven out of the United States.","Term used for depict a resemblance to Napoleon Bonaparte<\/b>, (1769-1821) who ruled as first Consul after the coup d'état that thrust him to power in 1799, and as Emperor after 1804. Also used to refer to the The Napoleonic<\/em> Wars (1803–1815). ",null],"lnksHoverSummaryImgURL":[null,"\/cdn\/webp\/i\/kb\/200w\/county_limerick.webp?pos=floatRight","","","\/cdn\/webp\/i\/kb\/200w\/books.webp?pos=floatRight","","\/cdn\/webp\/i\/kb\/200w\/domesday_book.webp?pos=floatRight","\/cdn\/webp\/i\/kb\/200w\/books2.webp?pos=floatRight","","","\/cdn\/webp\/i\/kb\/200w\/Lincolnshire England.webp?pos=floatRight","\/cdn\/webp\/i\/kb\/200w\/Oxfordshire England.webp?pos=floatRight","\/cdn\/webp\/i\/kb\/200w\/pipe_roll_1194.webp?pos=floatRight","\/cdn\/webp\/i\/kb\/200w\/Cumberland England.webp?pos=floatRight","\/cdn\/webp\/i\/kb\/200w\/Yorkshire England.webp?pos=floatRight","\/cdn\/webp\/i\/kb\/200w\/knight.webp?pos=floatRight","\/cdn\/webp\/i\/kb\/200w\/scotland-med2.webp","","","\/cdn\/webp\/i\/kb\/200w\/books2.webp?pos=floatRight","\/cdn\/webp\/i\/kb\/200w\/first_fleet_ship.webp?pos=floatRight","","","",null],"mode":"f","s":"Gilles","sU":"GILL","oC":"SC","o":"Scottish","o2":null,"cOk":true,"c":"\/dpreview\/GILL\/SC\/Gilles\/family-crest-coat-of-arms.png","c2":"\/dpreview\/ANDERSON\/SC\/Anderson\/family-crest-coat-of-arms.png","v":"1","sections":["","SettlersUS","SettlersCA","SettlersAU","SettlersNZ","SettlersZA","SettlersWI","Settlers","ContemporaryNotable","ContemporaryNotables","HistoricEvents","RelatedStories","Motto","SuggestedReading","Citations",""]}