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| Related Stories | + |
- Family Crests: Elements
- Occupational surnames: one of the oldest types of surnames
- Anglo-Saxons: the birth of Old English from early German (Saxon) settlers (about 450-1066)
- Metonymic surnames: typically derived from an object or tool
- Local
- Spelling variations: Why the spellings of names have changed over the centuries
| Sources | + |
- The Norman People and Their Existing Descendants in the British Dominions and the United States Of America. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing, 1975. Print. (ISBN 0-8063-0636-X)
- Lower, Mark Anthony, Patronymica Britannica, A Dictionary of Family Names of the United Kingdom. London: John Russel Smith, 1860. Print.
- Bardsley, C.W, A Dictionary of English and Welsh Surnames: With Special American Instances. Wiltshire: Heraldry Today, 1901. Print. (ISBN 0-900455-44-6)

