500-400 BC -Teutonic ancestors inhabit south Sweden and north Germany
200 BC -clash with Romans
9 BC -Roman occupation up to Elbe
200 BC -Franks (north of Rhine), Burgundians and Alemanni (south of Main, east of Rhine)
500 AD - Anglo-Saxons in England, Franks in Gaul, Burgundians in Rhone valley.
-Christianity embraced
800's AD -Louis I successor to Charlemagne-emperor of Carolingian empire.
-barbarian invasions, Danes, Magyars
911 AD -Carolingian rule ended, Conrad I.
982 AD Otto I emperor
1024 AD -Franconian dynasty, papal reforms, Henry IV against Pope Gregory VII
-civil war against Henry IV, 1076 to
-focus turned away from Germany toward Rome and Norman England
1125 AD -end of respect for blood right to throne -expansion and colonization, Silesia, Bohemia and Italy
1152 AD -Hohenstaufen emperors
-conflict with papacy
1215 AD -Frederick II secures crown from Otto IV
-anti-kings elected by Archbishops
1247 AD -William of Holland (anti-king)
-deterioration of central authority
-decline of Hohenstaufen power
1250 to -the Great Interregnum
1273 AD -Pope Gregory X wanted monarch sympathetic to Crusades
-Rudolf of Habsburg
-shift of powerr from Rhineland to East Germany -alternation of dynasties
1312 AD -Henry VII wanted restoration of Empire in Italy, made Holy Roman Emperor
1313 AD -Henry VII dies, civil war
1346 AD -Charles IV, Golden Bull-minimize areas of dispute in future elections and strengthen ties with electors
1350 AD -Bubonic Plague
1376 AD -Wenceslas, son of Charles IV made king
-monarchs losing control, ascension of princes
-cities VS princes
1410 AD -Sigismund elected
-problems; weak monarchy, princes VS cities conflict, increased lawlessness
-Husssite conrtoversy: Jan Hus, Prague-controversial teachings, excommunicated, burned at stake-martyrdom
-civil war in Bohemia
-Hussites invade Saxony, Thuringia and Franconia
-Sigismund makes concessions to Czechs
1437 AD -death of Sigismund
1486 AD -Maximillian I, Austrian heir
-movement among princes for constitutional reform lead by Berthold, Archbishop of Mainz
-end of middle ages, Feudal System becomes purely nominal, Crown has no real control over heads of States
-the Reformation: church weakened by Hussite movement and Renaissance thinking
1517 AD -Martin Luther-Wittenberg, contested doctrine of Catholic church
-national sentiment of antagonism toward papacy
1520 AD -Emperor Charles V crowned
-teachings of Luther banned
1522 AD -Peasant's War (Bauernkrieg)-uprising against grasping policy of princes and landowners
-rise of Protestantism
1555 AD -the Peace of Augsburg- between Protestants and Catholics
1576 AD -Rudolf II
-Catholics grow in strength, opposing Protestant and Catholic Leagues formed
1619 AD -Ferdinand II-emperor,Catholic
-revolt of Protestant nobles in Bohemia 1618, refuse to acknowledge Ferdinand II, start of 30 Years' War
1625 AD -war flares up in Germany, King Christian IV of Denmark VS Ferdinand II, Maximillian and Catholic League -Catholics successful
1630 AD -Gustavus of Sweden champions Protestant cause in Germany
1635 AD -movement for peace in Germany
- Spain on side of Catholics, France, Sweden-Protestants
1641 AD -Treaty of Westphalia
-France and Sweden gain territory, Switzerland and Holland recognized as independent nations
-great decrease in rural population due to 30 Years' War
-industry and commerce ruined by wars
-widespread poverty, national pride diminished
1663 AD -Reichstag founded-3 chambers:electoral princes, princes and cities
-French imperialism under Louis XIV
1672 AD -Leopold I sends troops to Rhine
1679 AD -peace of Nijmswegen with France
1681 AD -Strasbourg seized by France
1683 AD -Turks attack Austria from east
1699 AD -Peace of Carlowitz with Turks, Hungary restored to emperor
1733-35 AD -War of the Polish Succession, Lorraine restored to France
1741 AD -Frederick II of Prussia secured Silesia by 1742
1748 AD -Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle, tension between Austria and Prussia
1756 -The Seven Years' War: Frederick II against Austria, to France, Russia, Saxony and Sweden
1763 AD - Silesia maintained by Frederick
1792 AD -Austro-Prussian campaign against France, after French Revolution, left bank of Rhine to France 1801
1803 AD - Napoleon against England, Russia and Austria, won in 1805
1806 AD -Confederation of the Rhine founded by Napoleon: Bavaria, Wuerttemberg, Baden, Hesse-Darmstadt, Nassau and Berg, states independent for internal administration but to Napoleon's foreign policy old German empire completely disappeared
1812 AD - Napoleon defeated in Russia
-Frederick William of Prussia declares war on France
1814 AD - Napoleon opposed by whole of Europe, defeated
-empire split up
1834 AD -Zollverein founded, Germany formed an economic entity
1840 AD -Frederick William IV, conservative, tried to organize Prussia, 1847 summoned national parliament, first political parties formed
1848 AD -revolution: Liberals against old order
- Prussia becomes part of Germany
-Franfurt parliament
-industry
1854 AD -Crimean War, Germany neutral
1859 AD -German National Union (Deutscher Nationalverein) founded to establish German Federal State on basis of 1849 constitution
1862 AD -Bismarck, wanted unification of Germany under leadership of Prussia
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