Clark History, Family Crest & Coats of Arms

Origins Available:
England
Ireland
Scotland

The name Clark comes from one of the family having worked as a person who concerned himself with matters of scholarly importance or of religious orders or as a secretary. The surname Clark originally derived from the Latin form clericus. Even today, the word and profession clerk is typically pronounced clark throughout the United Kingdom.

The name may have been Norman in origin, having descended from the name Le Clerc and generally means "a learned person-that is, one who could in old times read and write-accomplishments. " 1

Indeed, the name was seen in early rolls in both Normandy and England. "Twenty of the name occur in 1198; of these, nine also occur in England 1199; and the families of the name generally seem to have had members in both countries." 2

Early Origins of the Clark family

The surname Clark was first found in Hampshire where Richerius clericus was listed in the Domesday Book of 1086. A few years later, Willelm le Clerec was listed in Somerset in 1100 and Reginald Clerc was listed in the Curia Rolls of Rutland in 1205. 3

"Absent in Wales, and scarce in most of the counties on the Welsh border. Best represented in Buckinghamshire, Essex, Leicestershire, Rutlandshire, and Nottinghamshire. " 4

"As a surname, Clarke appears frequently to have aliased some other appellative; for instance the Baronet family, Clarke of Salford, originally Woodchurch, from the parish of that name in Kent, soon after the Conquest became Clarkes (Le Clerc) in consequence of a marriage with an heiress, and the family for some generations wrote themselves "Woodchurch alias Le Clerc," and vice versa." 1

The Hundredorum Rolls of 1273 proved the widespread use of the name in both Latin and early English forms: Boniface Clericus, Lincolnshire; Thomas le Clerk, Lincolnshire; Batekyn Clericus, Essex; Gilbert le Clerk, Oxfordshire; and Tomas le Clerck, Buckinghamshire. 5

Yet just over one hundred years later, the "Le" prefix was dropped and the Latin form of the name was deprecated as seen in the Yorkshire Poll Tax Rolls of 1379 which listed: Robertus Clarke; Beatrix Clerc; and Henricus Clerk. 5

Early History of the Clark family

This web page shows only a small excerpt of our Clark research. Another 76 words (5 lines of text) covering the years 1599, 1639, 1655, 1659, 1669, 1675, 1683, 1689, 1693, 1695, 1700, 1704, 1714, 1729, 1735 and 1890 are included under the topic Early Clark History in all our PDF Extended History products and printed products wherever possible.

Clark Spelling Variations

Spelling variations in names were a common occurrence before English spelling was standardized a few hundred years ago. In the Middle Ages, even the literate spelled their names differently as the English language incorporated elements of French, Latin, and other European languages. Many variations of the name Clark have been found, including: Clark, Clerk and others.

Early Notables of the Clark family

Distinguished members of the family include

Sir James Clark, a physician to the King
Samuel Clarke (1599-1683), an English clergyman and significant Puritan biographer
Samuel Clarke (1675-1729), an English philosopher and Anglican clergyman

Clark World Ranking

In the United States, the name Clark is the 21^st most popular surname with an estimated 574,497 people with that name. 6 However, in Canada, the name Clark is ranked the 39^th most popular surname with an estimated 42,977 people with that name. 7 And in Newfoundland, Canada, the name Clark is the 331^st popular surname with an estimated 138 people with that name. 8 Australia ranks Clark as 28^th with 49,590 people. 9 New Zealand ranks Clark as 32^nd with 5,668 people. 10 The United Kingdom ranks Clark as 27^th with 111,235 people. 11 South Africa ranks Clark as 877^th with 7,949 people. 12

Migration of the Clark family to Ireland

Some of the Clark family moved to Ireland, but this topic is not covered in this excerpt.
Another 107 words (8 lines of text) about their life in Ireland is included in all our PDF Extended History products and printed products wherever possible.

Clark migration to the United States +

Families began migrating abroad in enormous numbers because of the political and religious discontent in England. Often faced with persecution and starvation in England, the possibilities of the New World attracted many English people. Although the ocean trips took many lives, those who did get to North America were instrumental in building the necessary groundwork for what would become for new powerful nations. Among the first immigrants of the name Clark, or a variant listed above to cross the Atlantic and come to North America were :

Clark Settlers in United States in the 17th Century

Richard Clark, who landed in Plymouth, Massachusetts in 1620 13
Thomas Clark, who arrived in Plymouth, Massachusetts in 1623 13
William Clark, who landed in Nantasket, Massachusetts in 1630 13
John Clark, who arrived in Cambridge, Massachusetts in 1632 13
William Clark, who arrived in Ipswich, Massachusetts in 1633 13
... (More are available in all our PDF Extended History products and printed products wherever possible.)

Clark Settlers in United States in the 18th Century

Eliza Clark, who landed in Virginia in 1701-1702 13
Zach Clark, who arrived in Virginia in 1701 13
Honnery Clark, who arrived in North Carolina in 1702 13
Ben Clark, who arrived in Virginia in 1703 13
Danll Clark, who landed in Virginia in 1704 13
... (More are available in all our PDF Extended History products and printed products wherever possible.)

Clark Settlers in United States in the 19th Century

Zachariah Clark, who landed in America in 1801-1802 13
William Clark, who landed in Allegany (Allegheny) County, Pennsylvania in 1804 13
Patrick Clark, who landed in Louisiana in 1805-1809 13
Francois Clark, who arrived in Louisiana in 1805-1809 13
Elnr Clark, who arrived in America in 1805 13
... (More are available in all our PDF Extended History products and printed products wherever possible.)

Clark Settlers in United States in the 20th Century

Miss Jessie Clark, (b. 1892), aged 11, Cornish settler travelling aboard the ship "Philadelphia" arriving at Ellis Island, New York on 19th September 1903 en route to Pennsylvania, USA 14
Mrs. Mary Clark, (b. 1849), aged 54, Cornish settler travelling aboard the ship "Philadelphia" arriving at Ellis Island, New York on 19th September 1903 en route to Pennsylvania, USA 14
George Henry Clark, who arrived in Alabama in 1917 13

Clark migration to Canada +

Some of the first settlers of this family name were:

Clark Settlers in Canada in the 18th Century

Alexander Clark, who landed in Nova Scotia in 1749
Alexander Clark, who arrived in Nova Scotia in 1750
Mary Clark, who landed in Nova Scotia in 1750
Rd Clark, who landed in Nova Scotia in 1750
Thom Clark, who arrived in Nova Scotia in 1750
... (More are available in all our PDF Extended History products and printed products wherever possible.)

Clark Settlers in Canada in the 19th Century

John Clark, who landed in Canada in 1831
Mary Clark, aged 18, who arrived in Saint John, New Brunswick in 1833 aboard the ship "John & Mary" from Belfast, Ireland
William Clark, aged 27, a labourer, who arrived in Saint John, New Brunswick aboard the ship "Billow" in 1833
Francis Clark a painter, who arrived in Saint John, New Brunswick aboard the ship "Zephyr" in 1833
Ann Clark, who arrived in Saint John, New Brunswick aboard the ship "Zephyr" in 1833
... (More are available in all our PDF Extended History products and printed products wherever possible.)

Clark migration to Australia +

Emigration to Australia followed the First Fleets of convicts, tradespeople and early settlers. Early immigrants include:

Clark Settlers in Australia in the 18th Century

Mr. John Clark, (b. 1770), aged 27, English convict who was convicted in York, Yorkshire, England for life for highway robbery, transported aboard the "Barwell" in September 1797, arriving in New South Wales, Australia 15
Miss Mary Clark, English convict who was convicted in London, England for 7 years , transported aboard the "Britannia III" on 18th July 1798, arriving in New South Wales, Australia 16

Clark Settlers in Australia in the 19th Century

Mr. Charles Clark, British convict who was convicted in Middlesex, England for 7 years, transported aboard the "Calcutta" in February 1803, arriving in New South Wales, Australia, the settlement was listed as abandoned and most of the convicts transported to Tasmania on the "Queen" in 1804 17
Mr. John Clark, British convict who was convicted in London, England for 7 years, transported aboard the "Calcutta" in February 1803, arriving in New South Wales, Australia, the settlement was listed as abandoned and most of the convicts transported to Tasmania on the "Queen" in 1804 17
William Clark, English convict from Surrey, who was transported aboard the "Ann" on August 1809, settling in New South Wales, Australia 18
Miss Mary Clark, English convict who was convicted in Middlesex, England for 7 years, transported aboard the "Canada" in March 1810, arriving in New South Wales, Australia 19
Mr. Charles Clark, English convict who was convicted in Surrey, England for 7 years, transported aboard the "Atlas" on 16th January 1816, arriving in New South Wales, Australia 20
... (More are available in all our PDF Extended History products and printed products wherever possible.)

Clark migration to New Zealand +

Emigration to New Zealand followed in the footsteps of the European explorers, such as Captain Cook (1769-70): first came sealers, whalers, missionaries, and traders. By 1838, the British New Zealand Company had begun buying land from the Maori tribes, and selling it to settlers, and, after the Treaty of Waitangi in 1840, many British families set out on the arduous six month journey from Britain to Aotearoa to start a new life. Early immigrants include:

Clark Settlers in New Zealand in the 19th Century

Archibald Clark, who landed in Auckland, New Zealand in 1840
C Clark, who landed in Auckland, New Zealand in 1840
Peter Clark, who landed in Wellington, New Zealand in 1840
R Clark, who landed in Wellington, New Zealand in 1840 aboard the ship Tyne
Rice Owen Clark, who landed in Wellington, New Zealand in 1840
... (More are available in all our PDF Extended History products and printed products wherever possible.)

Clark migration to West Indies +

The British first settled the British West Indies around 1604. They made many attempts but failed in some to establish settlements on the Islands including Saint Lucia and Grenada. By 1627 they had managed to establish settlements on St. Kitts (St. Christopher) and Barbados, but by 1641 the Spanish had moved in and destroyed some of these including those at Providence Island. The British continued to expand the settlements including setting the First Federation in the British West Indies by 1674; some of the islands include Barbados, Bermuda, Cayman Island, Turks and Caicos, Jamaica and Belize then known as British Honduras. By the 1960's many of the islands became independent after the West Indies Federation which existed from 1958 to 1962 failed due to internal political conflicts. After this a number of Eastern Caribbean islands formed a free association. 21

Clark Settlers in West Indies in the 17th Century

Mr. Richard Clark, (b. 1613), aged 21, British settler travelling from Gravesend, UK aboard the ship "Hopewell" arriving in Barbados on 17th February 1634 13
Mr. John Clark, aged 24, British settler travelling from Gravesend, UK aboard the ship "Hopewell" arriving in Barbados on 17th February 1634 13
Mr. Richard Clark, (b. 1616), aged 19, British settler travelling from London, England aboard the ship "Peter Bonaventure" arriving in Barbados and St Christopher (Saint Kitts) in 1635 22
Mr. Thomas Clark, (b. 1609), aged 26, British settler travelling from London, England aboard the ship "Alexander" arriving in Barbados in 1635 23
Mr. William Clark, (b. 1616), aged 19, British settler travelling from London, England aboard the ship "Alexander" arriving in Barbados in 1635 23
... (More are available in all our PDF Extended History products and printed products wherever possible.)

Clark Settlers in West Indies in the 18th Century

Timothy Clark, who landed in Jamaica in 1786 13

Contemporary Notables of the name Clark (post 1700) +

Roy Linwood Clark (1933-2018), American singer and musician, best known for having co-hosting Hee Haw, the nationally televised country variety show, from 1969 to 1997, inducted into the Country Music Hall of Fame in 2009
William Clark (1770-1838), American explorer, soldier, Indian agent, and territorial governor, best remembered as co-leader of the Lewis and Clark Expedition across the Louisiana Purchase to the Pacific Ocean
Ernest Robert Clark (1937-2024), American NFL football linebacker for five seasons with the Detroit Lions and one for the St. Louis Cardinals
Wesley Curley Clark (1939-2024), American blues musician
Caitlin Clark (b. 2022), American three-time gold medalist college basketball player for the Iowa Hawkeyes of the Big Ten Conference
Richard Clarence Clark (1928-2023), American politician who represented the state of Iowa in the United States Senate as a Democrat from 1973 to 1979
Carol Higgins Clark (1956-2023), American mystery author and actress, daughter of suspense writer Mary Higgins Clark
Marlene Clark (1949-2023), American actress, animator and fashion model
Matthew Harvey Clark (1937-2023), American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church, Bishop of the Diocese of Rochester from 1979 until 2012
Colia L. Liddell Lafayette Clark (1940-2022), American activist and politician, the Green Party's candidate for the United States Senate in New York in 2010 and 2012
... (Another 56 notables are available in all our PDF Extended History products and printed products wherever possible.)

Historic Events for the Clark family +

Air New Zealand Flight 901

Mr. Wiliam Henry Clark (1912-1979), New Zealander passenger, from Takanini, Auckland, New Zealand aboard the Air New Zealand Flight 901 for an Antarctic sightseeing flight when it flew into Mount Erebus; he died in the crash 24
Ms. Iris Clark (1914-1979), New Zealander passenger, from Takanini, Auckland, New Zealand aboard the Air New Zealand Flight 901 for an Antarctic sightseeing flight when it flew into Mount Erebus; she died in the crash 24
Ms. Irene Alice Clark (1904-1979), New Zealander passenger, from Belmont, Lower Hutt, North Island, New Zealand aboard the Air New Zealand Flight 901 for an Antarctic sightseeing flight when it flew into Mount Erebus; she died in the crash 24
Mr. David Clark (1919-1979), New Zealander passenger, from Mt. Wellington, East Auckland, New Zealand aboard the Air New Zealand Flight 901 for an Antarctic sightseeing flight when it flew into Mount Erebus; he died in the crash 24

Empress of Ireland

Mr. Thomas Clark (1891-1914), Canadian Third Class Passenger from Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada who was returning to England due to Consumption and died in the sinking of the Empress of Ireland 25
Mrs. Ellen Clark (1866-1914), Canadian Third Class Passenger from Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada who was returning to England with son who had Consumption and died in the sinking of the Empress of Ireland 25
Mr. Charles Robert Clark (1873-1914), British First Class Passenger returning from Detroit, Michigan, United States who survived the sinking on the Empress of Ireland 25
Mr. Stephen Clark (1895-1914), American Third Class Passenger from Chicago, Illinois, United States who was traveling aboard the Empress of Ireland and died in the sinking 25

Flight 191

S Clark (d. 1979), American passenger from USA, who flew aboard American Airlines Flight 191 and died in the crash 26

Frank Rock Slide

Mr. Alex Clark, Canadian labourer of Frank, Alberta who was buried in the Frank Rock Slide on 29th April 1903 27
Mrs. Clark, Canadian resident of Frank, Alberta who was buried in the Frank Rock Slide on 29th April 1903 27
Mr. Charles Clark, Canadian resident of Frank, Alberta who was buried in the Frank Rock Slide on 29th April 1903 27
Mr. Albert Clark, Canadian resident of Frank, Alberta who was buried in the Frank Rock Slide on 29th April 1903 27
Mr. Alfred Clark, Canadian resident of Frank, Alberta who was buried in the Frank Rock Slide on 29th April 1903 27
... (Another 3 entries are available in all our PDF Extended History products and printed products wherever possible.)

Grover Shoe factory

Miss Dora E. Clark, American employee of the Grover Shoe factory in Brockton, Massachusetts on 20th March 1905 when the boiler exploded and collapsed the wooden building; she died 28

Halifax Explosion

Mr. Amos Clark (1908-1917), Canadian resident from Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada who died in the Halifax Explosion (1917) 29
Mr. George Clark, Canadian resident from Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada who died in the Halifax Explosion (1917) 29

Hillsborough disaster

Paul Clark (1971-1989), English apprentice electrician who was attending the FA Cup semi-final at Hillsborough Stadium, in Sheffield, Yorkshire when the stand allocated area became overcrowded and 96 people were crushed in what became known as the Hillsborough disaster and he died from his injuries 30
Joseph Clark (1960-1989), English fork lift driver who was attending the FA Cup semi-final at Hillsborough Stadium, in Sheffield, Yorkshire when the stand allocated area became overcrowded and 96 people were crushed in what became known as the Hillsborough disaster and he died from his injuries 30

HMAS Sydney II

Mr. Thomas Welsby Clark (1920-1941), Australian Able Seaman from Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, who sailed into battle aboard HMAS Sydney II and died in the sinking 31
Mr. Daniel Murchie Clark (1919-1941), Australian Acting Leading Stoker from Lithgow, New South Wales, Australia, who sailed into battle aboard HMAS Sydney II and died in the sinking 31

HMS Dorsetshire

William Gordon Clark (d. 1945), British Boy Seaman 1st Class aboard the HMS Dorsetshire when she was struck by air bombers and sunk; he died in the sinking 32

HMS Hood

Mr. Robert G Clark (b. 1921), English Marine serving for the Royal Marine from Romford, Essex, England, who sailed into battle and died in the HMS Hood sinking 33
Mr. Leonard A Clark (b. 1912), English Marine serving for the Royal Marine from Whitehill, Hampshire, England, who sailed into battle and died in the HMS Hood sinking 33
Mr. John F Clark (b. 1915), English Leading Seaman serving for the Royal Navy from Motcombe, North Shaftsbury, England, who sailed into battle and died in the HMS Hood sinking 33
Mr. Jack C P Clark (b. 1922), English Ordinary Seaman serving for the Royal Navy from Mansfield, Nottinghamshire, England, who sailed into battle and died in the HMS Hood sinking 33

HMS Prince of Wales

Mr. William Clark, British Boy 1st Class, who sailed into battle on the HMS Prince of Wales (1941) and survived the sinking 34
Mr. Keith Hood Fergusson Clark, British Midshipman, who sailed into battle on the HMS Prince of Wales (1941) and survived the sinking, also sailed aboard the HMS Exeter 34
Mr. Donald Clark, British Able Bodied Seaman, who sailed into battle on the HMS Prince of Wales (1941) and survived the sinking 34

HMS Repulse

Mr. Victor Cecil Froggatt Clark, British Lieutenant Commander, who sailed into battle on the HMS Repulse (1941) and survived the sinking 35

HMS Royal Oak

John Clark (d. 1939), British Able Seaman with the Royal Navy aboard the HMS Royal Oak (1939) when she was torpedoed by U-47 and sunk; he died in the sinking 36
Ralph Lennox Woodrow Clark (d. 1939), British Lieutenant (E) with the Royal Navy aboard the HMS Royal Oak (1939) when she was torpedoed by U-47 and sunk; he died in the sinking 36
H. Clark, British Telegraphist with the Royal Navy aboard the HMS Royal Oak (1939) when she was torpedoed by U-47 and sunk; he survived the sinking 36
Frederick Henry Clark (1923-1939), British Boy 1st Class with the Royal Navy aboard the HMS Royal Oak (1939) when she was torpedoed by U-47 and sunk; he died in the sinking 36
Albert Henry Clark (1920-1939), British Sick Berth Attendant with the Royal Navy aboard the HMS Royal Oak (1939) when she was torpedoed by U-47 and sunk; he died in the sinking 36
... (Another 1 entries are available in all our PDF Extended History products and printed products wherever possible.)

North Sea Flood

Catherine Clark, British worker aboard the ferry "Princess Victoria" killed in the North Sea Flood, a major storm surge in 1953
Thomas Clark, British traveler aboard the ferry "Princess Victoria" killed in the North Sea Flood, a major storm surge in 1953

RMS Lusitania

Master Robert James Clark, English Steward's Young Assistant from Bootle, Lancashire, England, who worked aboard the RMS Lusitania (1915) and survived the sinking 37

RMS Titanic

Mr. William Clark, aged 39, English Fireman/Stoker from Southampton, Hampshire who worked aboard the RMS Titanic and survived the sinking escaping on life boat 15 38
Mrs. Virginia Estelle Clark, (née McDowell), aged 26, American First Class passenger from Los Angeles, California who sailed aboard the RMS Titanic and survived the sinking escaping in life boat 4 38
Mr. Walter Miller Clark (d. 1912), aged 27, American First Class passenger from Los Angeles, California who sailed aboard the RMS Titanic and died in the sinking 38

USS Arizona

Mr. George Francis Clark, American Gunner's Mate Third Class from Illinois, USA working aboard the ship "USS Arizona" when she sunk during the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on 7th December 1941, he died in the sinking 39
Mr. John Crawford Todd Clark, American Fireman Third Class from California, USA working aboard the ship "USS Arizona" when she sunk during the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on 7th December 1941, he died in the sinking 39
Mr. Malcolm Clark, American Baker Third Class from Louisiana, USA working aboard the ship "USS Arizona" when she sunk during the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on 7th December 1941, he died in the sinking 39
Mr. Robert William Clark Jr., American Fire Controlman Third Class from Pennsylvania, USA working aboard the ship "USS Arizona" when she sunk during the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on 7th December 1941, he died in the sinking 39

Winter Quarters coal mine

Mr. George Albert Clark (b. 1882), American mine worker from Coalville, Summit, Utah who worked in the Winter Quarters coal mine on 1st May 1900, when 10 of the 25lb kegs of black powder exploded; he died in the explosion 40
Mr. William Henry Clark (b. 1880), American mine worker from Coalville, Summit, Utah who worked in the Winter Quarters coal mine on 1st May 1900, when 10 of the 25lb kegs of black powder exploded; he died in the explosion 40
Mr. William Clark Jr. (b. 1877), American mine worker from Coalville, Summit, Utah who worked in the Winter Quarters coal mine on 1st May 1900, when 10 of the 25lb kegs of black powder exploded; he died in the explosion 40
Mr. Samuel Walter Clark Jr. (b. 1875), American mine worker from Coalville, Summit, Utah who worked in the Winter Quarters coal mine on 1st May 1900, when 10 of the 25lb kegs of black powder exploded; he died in the explosion 40

The Clark Motto +

The motto was originally a war cry or slogan. Mottoes first began to be shown with arms in the 14th and 15th centuries, but were not in general use until the 17th century. Thus the oldest coats of arms generally do not include a motto. Mottoes seldom form part of the grant of arms: Under most heraldic authorities, a motto is an optional component of the coat of arms, and can be added to or changed at will; many families have chosen not to display a motto.

Motto: Fortitudo
Motto Translation: Fortitude.

Citations +

Lower, Mark Anthony, Patronymica Britannica, A Dictionary of Family Names of the United Kingdom. London: John Russel Smith, 1860. Print.
The Norman People and Their Existing Descendants in the British Dominions and the United States Of America. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing, 1975. Print. (ISBN 0-8063-0636-X)
Reaney, P.H and R.M. Wilson, A Dictionary of English Surnames. London: Routledge, 1991. Print. (ISBN 0-415-05737-X)
Guppy, Henry Brougham, Homes of Family Names in Great Britain. 1890. Print.
Bardsley, C.W, A Dictionary of English and Welsh Surnames: With Special American Instances. Wiltshire: Heraldry Today, 1901. Print. (ISBN 0-900455-44-6)
"What are the 5,000 Most Common Last Names in the U.S.?". NameCensus.com, https://namecensus.com/last-names/
"Surnames Meanings, Origins & Distribution Maps - Forebears." Forebears, https://forebears.io/surnames
The order of Common Surnames in 1955 in Newfoundland retrieved on 20th October 2021 (retrieved from Family Names of the Island of Newfoundland by E.R. Seary corrected edition ISBN 0-7735-1782-0)
"Most Common Last Names in Australia." Forebears, https://forebears.io/australia/surnames
"Most Common Last Names in New Zealand." Forebears, https://forebears.io/new-zealand/surnames
"UK surname ranking." UK Surname map, https://www.surnamemap.eu/unitedkingdom/surnames_ranking.php?p=10
"Most Common Last Names in South Africa." Forebears, https://forebears.io/south-africa/surnames
Filby, P. William, Meyer, Mary K., Passenger and immigration lists index : a guide to published arrival records of about 500,000 passengers who came to the United States and Canada in the seventeenth, eighteenth, and nineteenth centuries. 1982-1985 Cumulated Supplements in Four Volumes Detroit, Mich. : Gale Research Co., 1985, Print (ISBN 0-8103-1795-8)
Cornwall Online Parish Clerks. (Retrieved 3rd May 2018). Retrieved from http://www.opc-cornwall.org/Resc/pdfs/emigration_ellis_island_1892_on.pdf
Convict Records Voyages to Australia (Retrieved 29th September 2020). Retrieved from https://convictrecords.com.au/ships/barwell
Convict Records Voyages to Australia (Retrieved 30th October 2020). Retrieved from https://convictrecords.com.au/ships/Britannia
Convict Records Voyages to Australia (Retrieved 25th November 2020). Retrieved from https://convictrecords.com.au/ships/calcutta
State Library of Queensland. (Retrieved 2016, October 27) Ann voyage to New South Wales, Australia in 1809 with 200 passengers. Retrieved from http://www.convictrecords.com.au/ships/ann/1809
Convict Records Voyages to Australia (Retrieved 9th December 2020). Retrieved from https://convictrecords.com.au/ships/canada
Convict Records Voyages to Australia (Retrieved 14th July 2020). Retrieved from https://convictrecords.com.au/ships/atlas
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_West_Indies
Pilgrim Ship Lists Early 1600's. Retrieved 23rd September 2021 from https://www.packrat-pro.com/ships/shiplist.htm
Pilgrim Ship Lists Early 1600's retrieved 28th September 2021 from https://www.packrat-pro.com/ships/shiplist.htm
Mount Erebus, Memorial, Roll of Remembrance (Retrieved 2018, February 21st). Retrieved from http://www.erebus.co.nz/memorialandawards/rollofremembrance.aspx
Commemoration Empress of Ireland 2014. (Retrieved 2014, June 16) . Retrieved from http://www.empress2014.ca/seclangen/listepsc1.html
Flight 191's Victims - latimes. (Retrieved 2014, April 16) . Retrieved from http://articles.latimes.com/1985-08-04/news/mn-4349_1_fort-lauderdale-area
Calgary Herald news article retrieved 11th August 2021. Retrieved from https://smartcdn.prod.postmedia.digital/calgaryherald/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Calgary_Herald_Thu__Apr_30__1903_-copy-scaled.jpg
California Digital Newspaper from 21st March 1905 (retrieved on 5th August 2021.) Retrieved from https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=SFC19050321.2.19&e=-------en--20--1--txt-txIN--------1
Halifax Explosion Book of Remembrance | Maritime Museum of the Atlantic. (Retrieved 2014, June 23) . Retrieved from https://maritimemuseum.novascotia.ca/what-see-do/halifax-explosion/halifax-explosion-book-remembrance
Hillsborough Victims (retreived 21st March 2021). Retreived from https://metro.co.uk/2019/04/15/remembering-96-victims-hillsborough-disaster-30-years-9206566/
HMAS Sydney II, Finding Sydney Foundation - Roll of Honour. (Retrieved 2014, April 24) . Retrieved from http://www.findingsydney.com/roll.asp
Force Z Survivors HMS Dorsetshire Crew List, (Retrieved 2018, February 13th), https://www.forcez-survivors.org.uk/biographies/listdorsetshirecrew.html
H.M.S. Hood Association-Battle Cruiser Hood: Crew Information - H.M.S. Hood Rolls of Honour, Men Lost in the Sinking of H.M.S. Hood, 24th May 1941. (Retrieved 2016, July 15) . Retrieved from http://www.hmshood.com/crew/memorial/roh_24may41.htm
HMS Prince of Wales Crew members. (Retrieved 2014, April 9) . Retrieved from http://www.forcez-survivors.org.uk/biographies/listprincecrew.html
HMS Repulse Crew members. (Retrieved 2014, April 9) . Retrieved from http://www.forcez-survivors.org.uk/biographies/listrepulsecrew.html
Ships hit by U-boats crew list HMS Royal Oak (08) - (Retrieved 2018 February, 9th) - retrieved from https://uboat.net/allies/merchants/crews/ship68.html
Lusitania Passenger List - The Lusitania Resource. (Retrieved 2014, March 6) . Retrieved from http://www.rmslusitania.info/lusitania-passenger-list/
Titanic Passenger List - Titanic Facts. (Retrieved 2016, July 13) . Retrieved from http://www.titanicfacts.net/titanic-passenger-list.html
Pearl Harbour: USS Arizona Casualties List Pearl Harbour December 7, 1941. (Retrieved 2018, July 31st). Retrieved from http://pearl-harbor.com/arizona/casualtylist.html
Miners killed in Winter Quarters (retrieved 28th July 2021). Retrieved from http://www.carbon-utgenweb.com/miners.html